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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:16 pm
Time: 9:16 pm
Results for crimes against nature
2 results foundAuthor: Panel of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo Title: Final Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Summary: June 2000, the Council requested the U.N. Secretary-General to establish the Panel to follow up on reports and collect information on all activities of illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Panel was also mandated to research and analyse the links between the exploitation of the natural resources and other forms of wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the continuation of the conflict. The Panel’s first report, issued on 12 April 2001 (document S/2001/357), stated that illegal exploitation of the mineral and forest resources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was in the form of mass-scale looting, as well as "systematic and systemic exploitation", which required planning and organization. Key individual actors -- on the one hand, including top army commanders and businessmen, and government structures, on the other -- have been the engines of that systematic and systemic exploitation. The report named functionaries, companies, banks and individuals involved in the exploitation. The current report notes that the "elite networks" involved in resource exploitation are changing their tactics, as national armies begin withdrawals from the eastern Congo, where a self-financing war economy had been built, centring on mineral exploitation. The Governments of Rwanda and Zimbabwe, as well as powerful individuals in Uganda, have adopted strategies for maintaining the mechanisms for revenue generation, many of which involve criminal activities, once their troops have departed. The elite network of Congolese and Zimbabwean political, military and commercial interests seeks to maintain its grip on the main mineral resources -- diamonds, cobalt, copper germanium -- of the government-controlled area. The network has transferred ownership of at least $5 billion of assets from the State- mining sector to private companies under its control in the past three years, with no compensation or benefit for the State treasury of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the report, the Panel identifies the circles and individuals in the elite network and its strategies for generating revenues, in the State-controlled area, as well as areas controlled by Rwanda and Uganda. Even with the establishment of an all-inclusive government, control over natural resources would require time and would be possible only within the framework of sound institution-building. In the interim, it is the view of the Panel that continued monitoring and reporting on illegal exploitation will at least serve to deter these activities. The most important element in halting that exploitation relates to the political will of those who support, protect and benefit from the networks, the report states. The Panel does not support the imposition of an embargo or moratorium banning the export of raw materials originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It says that, nevertheless, restrictive measures need to be taken vis-à-vis the role of companies and individuals involved in arms supply and resource plundering. There was also a need to apply forceful disincentive and incentives. The report states that an international conference on peace, security, democracy and sustainable development in the Great Lakes region would be an ideal forum at which to address the reorientation of the regional trading system to post-conflict imperatives, and for negotiating the framework of a multilateral agreement to carry it out. In further recommendations, the Panel calls for institutional reforms, financial and technical measures, and a monitoring process that could report to the Security Council on a regular basis. Details: Vienna: United Nations Security Council, 2002. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 15, 2011 at: www.grandslacs.net/doc/2477.pdf Year: 2002 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: Shelf Number: 121009 Keywords: Crimes Against NatureIllegal MiningIllegal TradeNatural Resources |
Author: Rose, Gregory Title: Universalizing Jurisdiction Over Marine Living Resources Crimes Summary: A growing world population, and especially coastal and island communities in the developing world, depend upon healthy oceans as a source of livelihoods and food. But the oceans are in crisis. As much as 85 percent of global fisheries are exploited to their limits or beyond. Ninety percent of large predatory fish are gone. Coastal habitats are under stress from a multitude of activities. Efforts to manage fisheries and to protect important marine habitats are stymied by illegal activity. Marine living resource crime, including the illegal catching of fish and the destruction of habitats or ecosystems, often crosses national borders and involves several nationalities, including that of crew, flag of vessel and ownership, as well as in the supply chain from boat to plate. Marine living resource crime obstructs efforts to sustainably manage marine resources. Serious violations of international rules for the conservation and management of marine living resources need an urgent response. Transnational crime cases warrant international legal cooperation. Marine living resource crime must be addressed if we are to achieve the goals agreed at Rio+20 to ensure sustainable development. WWF is working to help governments, communities and industry ensure the world's oceans are healthy and can provide food security and sustainable livelihoods into the future. This report, commissioned by WWF, and prepared by the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS) sets out a range of options to combat marine living resource crime. It argues for particular international legal actions to enforce laws against marine living resources crimes. Coordinating enforcement requires harmonizing enactments against marine living resources crime, which are small, but revolutionary, steps towards universalizing jurisdiction to deliver effective governance at sea. States will then better be able to ensure the oceans can provide food security and livelihoods for generations to come. Details: New York: World Wildlife Fund, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2014 at: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2261&context=lhapapers Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2261&context=lhapapers Shelf Number: 133410 Keywords: Crimes Against NatureFisheriesMarine HabitatsWildlife ConservationWildlife Crime |